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Over the course of a generation, algorithms have gone from
mathematical abstractions to powerful mediators of daily life. In
evolving from static computer programs hand-coded by engineers to
the products of machine learning, these technologies have made our
lives more efficient, more entertaining, and, sometimes, better
informed. At the same time, complex algorithms are increasingly
crushing the basic rights of individual citizens. Allegedly
anonymized datasets and statistical models routinely leak our most
sensitive personal information; applications for everything from
loans to college reflect racial and gender bias. Meanwhile, users
manipulate algorithms to "game" search engines, spam filters,
online reviewing services and navigation apps. Understanding and
improving the science behind the algorithms that run our lives is
quickly becoming one of the most pressing issues of this century.
Traditional solutions, such as laws, regulations and watchdog
groups, have proven woefully inadequate, at best. Derived from the
cutting-edge of scientific research, The Ethical Algorithm offers a
new approach: a set of principled solutions based on the emerging
and exciting science of socially aware algorithm design. Weaving
together the science behind algorithm design with stories of
citizens, lawyers, scientists, and activists experiencing the
trial-and-error of research in real-time, Michael Kearns and Aaron
Roth present a strikingly original way forward, showing how we can
begin to work together to protect people from the unintended
impacts of algorithms-and, sometimes, protect the science that
could save us from ourselves.
NARRATOLOGY attempts to determine the rules or codes of composition
of a narrative and to formulate the "grammar" of narrative, that
is, the structures and formulas that recur across stories with very
different content. Since its inception some thirty years ago,
narratology has adopted a largely formalist and structuralist focus
and thus has tended to pass over contextual factors that affect a
reader's experience of narratives.
In Rhetorical Narratology, Michael Kearns redresses this
one-sidedness by combining traditional narratology's tools for
analyzing texts with rhetoric's tools for analyzing audiences.
Guiding Kearns's approach is speech-act theory, which, in
emphasizing the rule-governed context in which any text is produced
and received, provides the means for describing how the structures
of narrative may affect certain audiences in certain ways.
Rhetorical narratology applies fundamental concepts from speech-act
theory to draw together the strengths of rhetoric and narratology.
Rhetoric contributes the steady focus on the interaction between
text and reader as that interaction occurs in specific cultural
contexts and through time. Narratology provides the crucial
distinction between "story" and "discourse, " -- between the "what"
and the "how" of a narrative. Concentrating on the "how" has
produced sophisticated treatments of such concepts as "fiction, "
"narrativity, " and "point, " as well as detailed analyses of
temporal structure, point of view, and speech representation. The
central question that rhetorical narratology attempts to answer,
then, is how do the various narrative elements isolated by
narratologists actually work on readers?
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